An important and timely reminder that race is “a social construct” with “no basis in biology.”
The racist science behind white supremacy.
“The cancerous surge in nationalism and racism around the world has taken many of us by surprise,” writes British science writer Saini (Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong—and the New Research That’s Rewriting the Story, 2017). Sadly, as the author shows in this superb study, it should not be so surprising. There have always been scientists prepared to argue that skin color, or brain structure, or our genes, or whatever, indicates the “innate superiority” of whites. This deeply researched and unsettling book blends history, interviews, and the author’s personal experiences growing up as an Indian girl in a white working-class section of London. Saini traces the history of modern ideas regarding race since the era of European colonialism, when white Europeans were deemed “better” than others. As she notes, it is “perfectly possible for prominent scientists to be racist….Science is always shaped by the time and the place it is carried out in.” The author recounts the racist thinking of crackpot and respectable scientists—past and present—going back to Enlightenment practitioners who argued that nonwhites were inferior. She describes the popular human zoos that displayed people in cages at world’s fairs, beginning in the 1800s, and the “well-to-do, gentlemanly race scientists” like Reginald Ruggles Gates (1882-1962), who have held forth over the years. After World War II, race science fell out of favor but soon resurfaced in genetics and other fields that studied human differences. Funding from the Pioneer Fund and others made possible the blatantly racist Mankind Quarterly (1961-present) and the research in Charles Murray’s controversial book The Bell Curve (1994). Saini also covers ancestry testing, American exceptionalism, and “black” genes and health. The “virulent racism” of today’s social media, right-wing websites, and in mainstream discourse prompted a 2017 Nature editorial against the use of science to justify prejudice.
An important and timely reminder that race is “a social construct” with “no basis in biology.”Pub Date: May 21, 2019
ISBN: 978-0-8070-7691-0
Page Count: 256
Publisher: Beacon Press
Review Posted Online: March 16, 2019
Kirkus Reviews Issue: April 1, 2019
BOOK REVIEW
For Howard Zinn, long-time civil rights and anti-war activist, history and ideology have a lot in common. Since he thinks that everything is in someone's interest, the historian—Zinn posits—has to figure out whose interests he or she is defining/defending/reconstructing (hence one of his previous books, The Politics of History). Zinn has no doubts about where he stands in this "people's history": "it is a history disrespectful of governments and respectful of people's movements of resistance." So what we get here, instead of the usual survey of wars, presidents, and institutions, is a survey of the usual rebellions, strikes, and protest movements. Zinn starts out by depicting the arrival of Columbus in North America from the standpoint of the Indians (which amounts to their standpoint as constructed from the observations of the Europeans); and, after easily establishing the cultural disharmony that ensued, he goes on to the importation of slaves into the colonies. Add the laborers and indentured servants that followed, plus women and later immigrants, and you have Zinn's amorphous constituency. To hear Zinn tell it, all anyone did in America at any time was to oppress or be oppressed; and so he obscures as much as his hated mainstream historical foes do—only in Zinn's case there is that absurd presumption that virtually everything that came to pass was the work of ruling-class planning: this amounts to one great indictment for conspiracy. Despite surface similarities, this is not a social history, since we get no sense of the fabric of life. Instead of negating the one-sided histories he detests, Zinn has merely reversed the image; the distortion remains.
Pub Date: Jan. 1, 1979
ISBN: 0061965588
Page Count: 772
Publisher: Harper & Row
Review Posted Online: May 26, 2012
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Jan. 1, 1979
BOOK REVIEW
BOOK REVIEW
BOOK REVIEW
The value of this book is the context it provides, in a style aimed at a concerned citizenry rather than fellow academics,...
A provocative analysis of the parallels between Donald Trump’s ascent and the fall of other democracies.
Following the last presidential election, Levitsky (Transforming Labor-Based Parties in Latin America, 2003, etc.) and Ziblatt (Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy, 2017, etc.), both professors of government at Harvard, wrote an op-ed column titled, “Is Donald Trump a Threat to Democracy?” The answer here is a resounding yes, though, as in that column, the authors underscore their belief that the crisis extends well beyond the power won by an outsider whom they consider a demagogue and a liar. “Donald Trump may have accelerated the process, but he didn’t cause it,” they write of the politics-as-warfare mentality. “The weakening of our democratic norms is rooted in extreme partisan polarization—one that extends beyond policy differences into an existential conflict over race and culture.” The authors fault the Republican establishment for failing to stand up to Trump, even if that meant electing his opponent, and they seem almost wistfully nostalgic for the days when power brokers in smoke-filled rooms kept candidacies restricted to a club whose members knew how to play by the rules. Those supporting the candidacy of Bernie Sanders might take as much issue with their prescriptions as Trump followers will. However, the comparisons they draw to how democratic populism paved the way toward tyranny in Peru, Venezuela, Chile, and elsewhere are chilling. Among the warning signs they highlight are the Republican Senate’s refusal to consider Barack Obama’s Supreme Court nominee as well as Trump’s demonization of political opponents, minorities, and the media. As disturbing as they find the dismantling of Democratic safeguards, Levitsky and Ziblatt suggest that “a broad opposition coalition would have important benefits,” though such a coalition would strike some as a move to the center, a return to politics as usual, and even a pragmatic betrayal of principles.
The value of this book is the context it provides, in a style aimed at a concerned citizenry rather than fellow academics, rather than in the consensus it is not likely to build.Pub Date: Jan. 16, 2018
ISBN: 978-1-5247-6293-3
Page Count: 320
Publisher: Crown
Review Posted Online: Nov. 12, 2017
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Dec. 1, 2017
BOOK REVIEW
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